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Thermal analysis of atmospheric residue from heavy crude oil and its SARA fractions was carried out and the tendency of each fraction toward coke formation was determined. The coke yield was 16.3wt.% for atmospheric residue, 43.1wt.% for asphaltenes, 4.6wt.% for resins, 3.8wt.% for aromatics, and 0.3wt.% for saturates. Pyrolysis kinetics of residue and its fractions, i.e., asphaltenes, resins and...
Fluidized-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) has been considered as one of the largest catalytic process in the world. FCC is the name for a complex process unit that cracks long molecules from gas oils and residua into added value shorter fuel compounds; additionally, this process can be used to produce important petrochemical precursors, such as propylenes. Although historically FCC has been used to optimise...
Hydrocracking is used in the petroleum industry to convert low-quality feedstocks into highly-valued transportation fuels. This process is the best source of low-sulfur and low-aromatics diesel fuel as well as high-smoke point jet fuel. Many approaches have been proposed for solving optimization of hydrocracking units in the last decades, but they usually neglect the reaction in hydrotreater where...
Blending of different crude types is frequently used in petroleum refineries to improve their profitability and products yields. However, energy consumption and consequential CO 2 emissions strongly depend on the types of crude being processed. The trade-off between CO 2 emissions and economic objectives, such as net revenue, is investigated for cases of different crude blends using...
Parallel to the economical benefits brought by the oil industry in Mexico, there have been some negative environmental effects due to emission of pollutants to the atmosphere. Salamanca, a city located inside one of the most important industrial corridors of the country, has been frequently affected by elevated concentrations of sulfur dioxide and particle matter. However, little is known about volatile...
This paper investigates the effect of using gasoline–ethanol mid-level blends (0–20% ethanol) on engine performance and exhausts emissions on a single cylinder engine by AVL model 5401, spark ignited and electronically controlled with DOHC. Engine tests were conducted for different lambda values, brake power and brake specific fuel consumption, while exhaust emissions were analyzed for carbon monoxide,...
Seventeen mixing rules reported in the literature used for predicting kinematic viscosity of petroleum and its fractions were examined for accuracy by comparing the estimated values with the experimental viscosities of four crude oils (21.31, 15.93, 12.42 and 9.89°API gravity) and their blends with a diluent (diesel) at several proportion. Tested mixing rules were classified as pure mixing rules,...
Different approaches to calculate the hydrogen consumption during hydrotreating of petroleum fractions are reviewed and discussed. Experimental information about the hydrotreating of various distillates (naphtha, light and heavy gasoils, atmospheric and vacuum residues) obtained in a bench-scale unit at typical operating conditions and commercial catalysts was used to determine the hydrogen consumption...
Kinetic and reactor modeling of catalytic reforming of naphtha is described in the present work. The development of a kinetic reforming model is reported with detail. The validation of the developed kinetic model with bench-scale isothermal reactor experiments is also carried out. The kinetic and reactor models are applied for the simulation of commercial semi-regenerative reforming unit. The effect...
Non-catalytic hydrodesulfurization (NHDS) and hydrodemetallization (NHDM) i.e. hydrothermal desulfurization and demetallization of heavy crude and atmospheric residue was studied in two different bench-scale units equipped with fixed-bed reactors in series operated in adiabatic and isothermal modes. The reactors were loaded with inert material (silicon carbide). Different feedstocks were used for...
The solution of the continuous kinetic lumping model is reviewed with detail in this work by solving the mass balance equation that describes a particular hydrocracking process of crude oil at moderate reaction conditions. The main aspects of the continuum description are discussed and others are addressed for future research. Not all model parameters can reach the convergence directly but an iterative...
This article analyses how the configuration of an industrial fixed-bed reactor affects the cycle length of a heavy oil hydroprocessing unit. It is well-known that during the hydroprocessing of heavy feeds, catalyst aging is counterbalanced by continuously increasing reaction temperature. In addition, the exothermality of the reaction provokes a huge temperature rise along the reactor, which is why...
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